{"id":13147,"date":"2022-06-07T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2022-06-07T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kcsensor.com\/index.php\/2022\/06\/07\/about-dissolved-oxygen-in-water-3\/"},"modified":"2026-09-24T06:17:24","modified_gmt":"2026-09-24T06:17:24","slug":"about-dissolved-oxygen-in-water-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/it\/about-dissolved-oxygen-in-water-3\/","title":{"rendered":"Come funziona un sensore di ossigeno disciolto? Guida del sensore DO"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Once you understand where dissolved oxygen comes from (<a href=\"\/1-about-dissolved-oxygen-in-water\/\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Part 1<\/a>) and how unevenly it\u2019s distributed through a pond over a day (<a href=\"\/about-dissolved-oxygen-in-water-part-2\/\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Part 2<\/a>), the next question is practical: how do you actually measure it, continuously and reliably? Four methods have been used historically, but only two remain common in production monitoring today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. Winkler (Iodometric) Titration \u2014 The Lab Reference Method<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Winkler method is a wet-chemistry technique: divalent manganese is oxidized by dissolved oxygen in the sample to form a precipitate, which \u2014 under acidic conditions \u2014 releases iodine in an amount directly proportional to the original DO concentration. That iodine is then titrated against a standard sodium thiosulfate solution to calculate DO.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Accuracy:<\/strong> high \u2014 around 0.2 mg\/L, over a 0\u201310 mg\/L range, and it remains the reference method labs use to calibrate other instruments.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Drawback:<\/strong> manual, reagent-based, and slow. It cannot run continuously or unattended, which rules it out for real-time pond or process monitoring.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. Membrane (Clark-Type) Electrode Methods<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Membrane electrodes measure DO electrochemically behind a gas-permeable membrane (commonly PTFE, PVC, polyethylene, or silicone rubber) that lets oxygen through but blocks the bulk solution. Two variants are used:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img data-dominant-color=\"d8e3ea\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"667\" src=\"https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/3.1-Cross-section-diagram-of-a-Clark-type-membrane-dissolved-oxygen-electrode-showing-the-cathode-anode-electrolyte-and-gas-permeable-membrane.webp\" alt=\"3.1-Cross-section-diagram-of-a-Clark-type-membrane-dissolved-oxygen-electrode-showing-the-cathode-anode-electrolyte-and-gas-permeable-membrane\" class=\"wp-image-24914 not-transparent\" style=\"--dominant-color: #d8e3ea; width:800px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/3.1-Cross-section-diagram-of-a-Clark-type-membrane-dissolved-oxygen-electrode-showing-the-cathode-anode-electrolyte-and-gas-permeable-membrane.webp 1000w, https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/3.1-Cross-section-diagram-of-a-Clark-type-membrane-dissolved-oxygen-electrode-showing-the-cathode-anode-electrolyte-and-gas-permeable-membrane-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/3.1-Cross-section-diagram-of-a-Clark-type-membrane-dissolved-oxygen-electrode-showing-the-cathode-anode-electrolyte-and-gas-permeable-membrane-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/3.1-Cross-section-diagram-of-a-Clark-type-membrane-dissolved-oxygen-electrode-showing-the-cathode-anode-electrolyte-and-gas-permeable-membrane-18x12.webp 18w, https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/3.1-Cross-section-diagram-of-a-Clark-type-membrane-dissolved-oxygen-electrode-showing-the-cathode-anode-electrolyte-and-gas-permeable-membrane-600x400.webp 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Galvanic Cell Electrodes<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The electrode pairs a noble-metal cathode (platinum, gold, or silver) with an easily oxidized anode (typically lead), immersed in a potassium hydroxide\/potassium chloride electrolyte. As oxygen diffuses through the membrane, it\u2019s reduced at the cathode while the anode is oxidized, generating a current proportional to DO concentration \u2014 spontaneously, without any external polarization voltage. This means galvanic sensors don\u2019t need the warm-up period polarographic sensors require, but they do consume oxygen (and slowly consume the anode) as part of the measurement, and readings are sensitive to flow rate across the membrane.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Polarographic Electrodes<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Here, a platinum cathode and a silver\/silver-chloride anode sit in a KCl electrolyte, with an external polarization voltage (commonly ~0.68&nbsp;V) applied across them. Oxygen crossing the membrane is reduced at the cathode, and the resulting diffusion current is proportional to DO after temperature compensation via a built-in thermistor. Because the applied voltage takes time to stabilize, polarographic probes typically need roughly 15 minutes of warm-up\/polarization before an accurate reading is possible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Shared limitations of membrane electrodes:<\/strong> both types need periodic membrane replacement and electrolyte refilling, both are sensitive to flow rate and require regular calibration, and both consume oxygen during measurement \u2014 which can itself skew readings in very low-flow water.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3. Optical Fluorescence \u2014 The Current Standard for Continuous Monitoring<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fluorescence DO sensors work on a completely different, membrane-free principle: oxygen quenching of fluorescence. A blue LED excites a fluorescent coating on the sensor tip, which then emits red light and decays back to its ground state over a characteristic time. Oxygen molecules \u2014 being paramagnetic \u2014 interact with the excited fluorescent molecules and shorten both the fluorescence intensity and its decay time, following the Stern-Volmer relationship:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>I<sub>0<\/sub>\/I = \u03c4<sub>0<\/sub>\/\u03c4 = 1 + K<sub>sv<\/sub>[O<sub>2<\/sub>]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">where I<sub>0<\/sub>\/\u03c4<sub>0<\/sub> are the fluorescence intensity\/lifetime with no oxygen present, I\/\u03c4 are the values under the sample\u2019s actual oxygen level, K<sub>sv<\/sub> is the Stern-Volmer constant for the given sensor, and [O<sub>2<\/sub>] is the oxygen partial pressure. By measuring the change in fluorescence lifetime (which is more stable than measuring intensity alone), the sensor calculates DO directly, then applies automatic temperature and pressure compensation via a built-in temperature sensor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img data-dominant-color=\"e0e6ec\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"667\" src=\"https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/3.2-Diagram-of-an-optical-fluorescence-dissolved-oxygen-sensor-showing-the-blue-LED-excitation-light-fluorescent-coating-and-oxygen-quenching-effect.webp\" alt=\"3.2-Diagram-of-an-optical-fluorescence-dissolved-oxygen-sensor-showing-the-blue-LED-excitation-light-fluorescent-coating-and-oxygen-quenching-effect\" class=\"wp-image-24915 not-transparent\" style=\"--dominant-color: #e0e6ec; width:800px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/3.2-Diagram-of-an-optical-fluorescence-dissolved-oxygen-sensor-showing-the-blue-LED-excitation-light-fluorescent-coating-and-oxygen-quenching-effect.webp 1000w, https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/3.2-Diagram-of-an-optical-fluorescence-dissolved-oxygen-sensor-showing-the-blue-LED-excitation-light-fluorescent-coating-and-oxygen-quenching-effect-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/3.2-Diagram-of-an-optical-fluorescence-dissolved-oxygen-sensor-showing-the-blue-LED-excitation-light-fluorescent-coating-and-oxygen-quenching-effect-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/3.2-Diagram-of-an-optical-fluorescence-dissolved-oxygen-sensor-showing-the-blue-LED-excitation-light-fluorescent-coating-and-oxygen-quenching-effect-18x12.webp 18w, https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/3.2-Diagram-of-an-optical-fluorescence-dissolved-oxygen-sensor-showing-the-blue-LED-excitation-light-fluorescent-coating-and-oxygen-quenching-effect-600x400.webp 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Why fluorescence has become the default for field and process monitoring:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>No membrane, no electrolyte, no polarization step \u2014 nothing to replace between calibrations<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Doesn\u2019t consume oxygen during measurement, so it isn\u2019t affected by flow rate<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Not interfered with by sulfide or other electrochemically active contaminants that throw off electrode-based sensors<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Low long-term drift, fast response, and generally better accuracy in continuous deployment than membrane electrodes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Comparing the Methods<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th>Method<\/th><th>Continuous use<\/th><th>Maintenance<\/th><th>Flow-rate sensitive?<\/th><th>Typical accuracy<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Winkler titration<\/td><td>No (lab only)<\/td><td>High (reagents, manual)<\/td><td>N\/A<\/td><td>~0.2 mg\/L<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Galvanic electrode<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>Moderate\u2013high (membrane\/electrolyte)<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>Moderate<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Polarographic electrode<\/td><td>Yes (after warm-up)<\/td><td>Moderate\u2013high<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>Moderate<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Optical fluorescence<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><td>Low<\/td><td>No<\/td><td>High, low drift<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Choosing a Dissolved Oxygen Sensor<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For spot checks and lab calibration, titration or a portable membrane meter is still fine. For unattended, continuous monitoring in ponds, tanks, <a href=\"\/wastewater\/\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">wastewater<\/a> basins, or process water \u2014 where reliability, low maintenance, and resistance to fouling matter most \u2014 fluorescence-based sensors are now the practical default.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kacise\u2019s <a href=\"\/product\/kws-600-dissolved-oxygen-sensor\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">fluorescence dissolved oxygen sensor<\/a> is built around this principle for exactly that use case, and fits naturally alongside our other <a href=\"\/product-category\/water-quality-sensor\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">water quality sensors<\/a> for sites running multi-parameter monitoring. Typical specifications for this class of instrument:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-3a8a1933 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/KWS-600-mian-picture.jpg\" alt=\"KWS-600 mian picture\" class=\"wp-image-15340\" style=\"width:461px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/KWS-600-mian-picture.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/KWS-600-mian-picture-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/KWS-600-mian-picture-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/KWS-600-mian-picture-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/KWS-600-mian-picture-600x600.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/KWS-600-mian-picture-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img data-dominant-color=\"d9d8d6\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Diaphragm-display-of-DO-sensor.webp\" alt=\"Diaphragm-display-of-DO-sensor\" class=\"wp-image-24916 not-transparent\" style=\"--dominant-color: #d9d8d6; width:454px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Diaphragm-display-of-DO-sensor.webp 800w, https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Diaphragm-display-of-DO-sensor-300x300.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Diaphragm-display-of-DO-sensor-150x150.webp 150w, https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Diaphragm-display-of-DO-sensor-768x768.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Diaphragm-display-of-DO-sensor-12x12.webp 12w, https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Diaphragm-display-of-DO-sensor-600x600.webp 600w, https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Diaphragm-display-of-DO-sensor-100x100.webp 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If you\u2019re deploying DO monitoring across multiple ponds, tanks, or treatment stages and want help matching sensor range, output, and mounting to your specific setup, <a href=\"\/contact-us\/\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">contact Kacise\u2019s team<\/a> \u2014 we can help you spec the right configuration based on the water conditions and daily DO swings covered in <a href=\"\/1-about-dissolved-oxygen-in-water\/\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Part 1<\/a> and <a href=\"\/about-dissolved-oxygen-in-water-part-2\/\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Part 2<\/a> of this series.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>FAQ<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-container-core-group-is-layout-17f477d5 wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-b7d9c19b wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\"><div class=\"wp-block-safe-svg-svg-icon safe-svg-cover\" style=\"text-align: left;\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"safe-svg-inside safe-svg-inline\" style=\"width: 32px; height: 32px; background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--); color: var(--wp--preset--color--); padding-top: ; padding-right: ; padding-bottom: ; padding-left: ; margin-top: ; margin-right: ; margin-bottom: ; margin-left: ;\"><?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"no\"?> <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" class=\"icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 1024 1024\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"32\" height=\"32\"><path d=\"M358.70592 758.7456c-33.01888-30.9504-54.48448-68.19072-64.29056-111.7952-11.46752-50.99264-3.54176-99.89632 18.03264-146.9696 17.74592-38.71744 42.84416-72.6208 69.29024-105.6384 28.12416-35.1104 57.45792-69.28384 82.5088-106.77248 15.18592-22.7264 29.34016-46.01984 39.91552-71.3216 0.4928-1.1776 1.05856-2.33216 1.68064-3.44704 1.70624-3.05152 4.27008-4.57856 7.83872-4.57472 3.72224 0.00384 6.03648 1.98784 7.38048 5.14048 24.1536 56.64384 61.8368 104.25728 100.50816 151.27936 27.07712 32.92416 54.592 65.536 76.032 102.6944 17.06496 29.57568 30.71488 60.416 36.49408 94.25536 10.65856 62.4064-3.3728 119.11936-41.35808 169.50016-37.87136 50.22848-89.12384 79.04768-151.0592 86.68288-69.376 8.55424-130.6048-11.64928-182.97344-59.0336m234.77248-308.38784c-4.71168-6.65984-10.2016-12.57728-16.7936-17.41824-27.78368-20.40832-58.83648-24.52736-91.15392-15.51872-30.048 8.37376-52.27264 26.62144-60.46464 58.32832-3.8144 14.76096 11.6224 29.66528 26.5024 26.29632 10.26304-2.32448 15.936-9.09952 19.61472-18.3296 5.1968-13.0496 14.19776-22.25408 27.95136-25.984 7.39456-2.00576 14.9824-1.72672 22.71232-1.472 20.41088 0.672 41.17248 19.92576 34.42432 48.6016-2.8928 12.2944-11.34976 20.73344-19.96032 29.07392-9.1776 8.8896-19.29088 16.81408-27.35744 26.84928-10.16704 12.65024-16.73984 26.74816-16.91904 43.2064-0.1408 13.03552 7.54816 21.3248 20.28928 22.65344 12.3136 1.28256 20.4096-4.6528 22.51136-18.00192 2.26432-14.37952 9.792-25.08672 20.4608-34.2912 8.55168-7.37664 16.9856-14.91968 25.09824-22.77376 29.64992-28.70272 34.8224-67.61216 13.08416-101.21984M546.4448 689.152c3.58912-15.9744-8.8192-34.05568-25.41568-37.0368-18.91072-3.39584-37.376 9.43616-39.45856 27.424-1.87008 16.13824 10.0352 32.6208 25.66784 35.53536 17.69728 3.29984 34.2528-7.27168 39.2064-25.92256z\" fill=\"#d81e06\"><\/path><\/svg> <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Q: What is the most accurate method for measuring dissolved oxygen?<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-b7d9c19b wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\"><div class=\"wp-block-safe-svg-svg-icon safe-svg-cover\" style=\"text-align: left;\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"safe-svg-inside safe-svg-inline\" style=\"width: 32px; height: 32px; background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--); color: var(--wp--preset--color--); padding-top: 0; padding-right: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; margin-top: 0; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0; margin-left: 0;\"><?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"no\"?> <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" class=\"icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 1024 1024\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"32\" height=\"32\"><path d=\"M501.0496 225.9008c1.9776-4.30848 3.3792-8.41984 5.65248-11.9744 3.82464-5.98656 11.03232-5.89184 13.73056 0.51968 27.92704 66.35136 74.78016 119.73888 119.27424 174.7456 25.23776 31.20128 49.71008 62.8992 68.15104 98.80448 17.57952 34.2272 28.4416 70.3424 29.28128 108.89088 0.8832 40.52608-9.22368 78.46144-30.06976 113.39008-32.99328 55.27936-80.94464 90.8096-143.59424 104.55296-76.60288 16.80256-145.1776-1.41696-203.41376-54.08384-39.3472-35.584-62.4128-80.41984-68.70272-133.44512-6.31808-53.26336 6.912-102.2336 32.6464-148.46336 21.2736-38.2208 48.8768-71.87584 76.31104-105.62432 32.3008-39.73248 64.4672-79.53536 89.2032-124.6592 3.9936-7.28576 7.57376-14.79808 11.53024-22.65344m-36.41216 378.90304c-15.41376-15.35232-30.78784-30.7456-46.26176-46.03648-6.16832-6.09536-10.1184-6.1056-16.38016-0.01024a1031.35872 1031.35872 0 0 0-22.57792 22.6496c-6.88768 7.13344-6.80448 9.34144 0.13696 16.43136 16.2624 16.6144 32.58112 33.17248 48.8448 49.78432 13.8752 14.17216 27.62752 28.46336 41.58464 42.55104 6.6816 6.7456 11.33696 6.4768 17.856-0.44032 1.16992-1.2416 2.26432-2.55232 3.38816-3.83616 40.47488-46.19008 80.93952-92.3904 121.43104-138.5664 12.512-14.26944 25.09056-28.48 37.664-42.69568 3.30496-3.7376 5.07136-7.7952 1.09696-11.89504-8.45696-8.72704-17.0624-17.3184-25.85088-25.71008-3.54688-3.38688-7.74016-3.2768-11.52256 0.06784-2.0736 1.83296-4.1024 3.73504-5.9776 5.7664-16.48256 17.85728-32.98944 35.69536-49.36704 53.64864-23.70688 25.98528-47.32544 52.0512-70.9568 78.1056-13.6 14.99648-9.64224 12.96512-23.10784 0.1856z\" fill=\"#21a529\"><\/path><\/svg> <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>A:<\/strong> Winkler (iodometric) titration is the lab reference method, accurate to around 0.2 mg\/L over a 0\u201310 mg\/L range \u2014 but it is manual and cannot run continuously.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-b7d9c19b wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\"><div class=\"wp-block-safe-svg-svg-icon safe-svg-cover\" style=\"text-align: left;\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"safe-svg-inside safe-svg-inline\" style=\"width: 32px; height: 32px; background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--); color: var(--wp--preset--color--); padding-top: ; padding-right: ; padding-bottom: ; padding-left: ; margin-top: ; margin-right: ; margin-bottom: ; margin-left: ;\"><?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"no\"?> <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" class=\"icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 1024 1024\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"32\" height=\"32\"><path d=\"M358.70592 758.7456c-33.01888-30.9504-54.48448-68.19072-64.29056-111.7952-11.46752-50.99264-3.54176-99.89632 18.03264-146.9696 17.74592-38.71744 42.84416-72.6208 69.29024-105.6384 28.12416-35.1104 57.45792-69.28384 82.5088-106.77248 15.18592-22.7264 29.34016-46.01984 39.91552-71.3216 0.4928-1.1776 1.05856-2.33216 1.68064-3.44704 1.70624-3.05152 4.27008-4.57856 7.83872-4.57472 3.72224 0.00384 6.03648 1.98784 7.38048 5.14048 24.1536 56.64384 61.8368 104.25728 100.50816 151.27936 27.07712 32.92416 54.592 65.536 76.032 102.6944 17.06496 29.57568 30.71488 60.416 36.49408 94.25536 10.65856 62.4064-3.3728 119.11936-41.35808 169.50016-37.87136 50.22848-89.12384 79.04768-151.0592 86.68288-69.376 8.55424-130.6048-11.64928-182.97344-59.0336m234.77248-308.38784c-4.71168-6.65984-10.2016-12.57728-16.7936-17.41824-27.78368-20.40832-58.83648-24.52736-91.15392-15.51872-30.048 8.37376-52.27264 26.62144-60.46464 58.32832-3.8144 14.76096 11.6224 29.66528 26.5024 26.29632 10.26304-2.32448 15.936-9.09952 19.61472-18.3296 5.1968-13.0496 14.19776-22.25408 27.95136-25.984 7.39456-2.00576 14.9824-1.72672 22.71232-1.472 20.41088 0.672 41.17248 19.92576 34.42432 48.6016-2.8928 12.2944-11.34976 20.73344-19.96032 29.07392-9.1776 8.8896-19.29088 16.81408-27.35744 26.84928-10.16704 12.65024-16.73984 26.74816-16.91904 43.2064-0.1408 13.03552 7.54816 21.3248 20.28928 22.65344 12.3136 1.28256 20.4096-4.6528 22.51136-18.00192 2.26432-14.37952 9.792-25.08672 20.4608-34.2912 8.55168-7.37664 16.9856-14.91968 25.09824-22.77376 29.64992-28.70272 34.8224-67.61216 13.08416-101.21984M546.4448 689.152c3.58912-15.9744-8.8192-34.05568-25.41568-37.0368-18.91072-3.39584-37.376 9.43616-39.45856 27.424-1.87008 16.13824 10.0352 32.6208 25.66784 35.53536 17.69728 3.29984 34.2528-7.27168 39.2064-25.92256z\" fill=\"#d81e06\"><\/path><\/svg> <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Q: Do membrane dissolved oxygen sensors need maintenance?<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-b7d9c19b wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\"><div class=\"wp-block-safe-svg-svg-icon safe-svg-cover\" style=\"text-align: left;\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"safe-svg-inside safe-svg-inline\" style=\"width: 32px; height: 32px; background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--); color: var(--wp--preset--color--); padding-top: 0; padding-right: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; margin-top: 0; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0; margin-left: 0;\"><?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"no\"?> <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" class=\"icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 1024 1024\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"32\" height=\"32\"><path d=\"M501.0496 225.9008c1.9776-4.30848 3.3792-8.41984 5.65248-11.9744 3.82464-5.98656 11.03232-5.89184 13.73056 0.51968 27.92704 66.35136 74.78016 119.73888 119.27424 174.7456 25.23776 31.20128 49.71008 62.8992 68.15104 98.80448 17.57952 34.2272 28.4416 70.3424 29.28128 108.89088 0.8832 40.52608-9.22368 78.46144-30.06976 113.39008-32.99328 55.27936-80.94464 90.8096-143.59424 104.55296-76.60288 16.80256-145.1776-1.41696-203.41376-54.08384-39.3472-35.584-62.4128-80.41984-68.70272-133.44512-6.31808-53.26336 6.912-102.2336 32.6464-148.46336 21.2736-38.2208 48.8768-71.87584 76.31104-105.62432 32.3008-39.73248 64.4672-79.53536 89.2032-124.6592 3.9936-7.28576 7.57376-14.79808 11.53024-22.65344m-36.41216 378.90304c-15.41376-15.35232-30.78784-30.7456-46.26176-46.03648-6.16832-6.09536-10.1184-6.1056-16.38016-0.01024a1031.35872 1031.35872 0 0 0-22.57792 22.6496c-6.88768 7.13344-6.80448 9.34144 0.13696 16.43136 16.2624 16.6144 32.58112 33.17248 48.8448 49.78432 13.8752 14.17216 27.62752 28.46336 41.58464 42.55104 6.6816 6.7456 11.33696 6.4768 17.856-0.44032 1.16992-1.2416 2.26432-2.55232 3.38816-3.83616 40.47488-46.19008 80.93952-92.3904 121.43104-138.5664 12.512-14.26944 25.09056-28.48 37.664-42.69568 3.30496-3.7376 5.07136-7.7952 1.09696-11.89504-8.45696-8.72704-17.0624-17.3184-25.85088-25.71008-3.54688-3.38688-7.74016-3.2768-11.52256 0.06784-2.0736 1.83296-4.1024 3.73504-5.9776 5.7664-16.48256 17.85728-32.98944 35.69536-49.36704 53.64864-23.70688 25.98528-47.32544 52.0512-70.9568 78.1056-13.6 14.99648-9.64224 12.96512-23.10784 0.1856z\" fill=\"#21a529\"><\/path><\/svg> <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>A:<\/strong> Yes. Galvanic and polarographic electrodes both need periodic membrane replacement and electrolyte refilling, are sensitive to flow rate, and require regular calibration.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-b7d9c19b wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\"><div class=\"wp-block-safe-svg-svg-icon safe-svg-cover\" style=\"text-align: left;\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"safe-svg-inside safe-svg-inline\" style=\"width: 32px; height: 32px; background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--); color: var(--wp--preset--color--); padding-top: ; padding-right: ; padding-bottom: ; padding-left: ; margin-top: ; margin-right: ; margin-bottom: ; margin-left: ;\"><?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"no\"?> <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" class=\"icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 1024 1024\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"32\" height=\"32\"><path d=\"M358.70592 758.7456c-33.01888-30.9504-54.48448-68.19072-64.29056-111.7952-11.46752-50.99264-3.54176-99.89632 18.03264-146.9696 17.74592-38.71744 42.84416-72.6208 69.29024-105.6384 28.12416-35.1104 57.45792-69.28384 82.5088-106.77248 15.18592-22.7264 29.34016-46.01984 39.91552-71.3216 0.4928-1.1776 1.05856-2.33216 1.68064-3.44704 1.70624-3.05152 4.27008-4.57856 7.83872-4.57472 3.72224 0.00384 6.03648 1.98784 7.38048 5.14048 24.1536 56.64384 61.8368 104.25728 100.50816 151.27936 27.07712 32.92416 54.592 65.536 76.032 102.6944 17.06496 29.57568 30.71488 60.416 36.49408 94.25536 10.65856 62.4064-3.3728 119.11936-41.35808 169.50016-37.87136 50.22848-89.12384 79.04768-151.0592 86.68288-69.376 8.55424-130.6048-11.64928-182.97344-59.0336m234.77248-308.38784c-4.71168-6.65984-10.2016-12.57728-16.7936-17.41824-27.78368-20.40832-58.83648-24.52736-91.15392-15.51872-30.048 8.37376-52.27264 26.62144-60.46464 58.32832-3.8144 14.76096 11.6224 29.66528 26.5024 26.29632 10.26304-2.32448 15.936-9.09952 19.61472-18.3296 5.1968-13.0496 14.19776-22.25408 27.95136-25.984 7.39456-2.00576 14.9824-1.72672 22.71232-1.472 20.41088 0.672 41.17248 19.92576 34.42432 48.6016-2.8928 12.2944-11.34976 20.73344-19.96032 29.07392-9.1776 8.8896-19.29088 16.81408-27.35744 26.84928-10.16704 12.65024-16.73984 26.74816-16.91904 43.2064-0.1408 13.03552 7.54816 21.3248 20.28928 22.65344 12.3136 1.28256 20.4096-4.6528 22.51136-18.00192 2.26432-14.37952 9.792-25.08672 20.4608-34.2912 8.55168-7.37664 16.9856-14.91968 25.09824-22.77376 29.64992-28.70272 34.8224-67.61216 13.08416-101.21984M546.4448 689.152c3.58912-15.9744-8.8192-34.05568-25.41568-37.0368-18.91072-3.39584-37.376 9.43616-39.45856 27.424-1.87008 16.13824 10.0352 32.6208 25.66784 35.53536 17.69728 3.29984 34.2528-7.27168 39.2064-25.92256z\" fill=\"#d81e06\"><\/path><\/svg> <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Q: Why are fluorescence dissolved oxygen sensors preferred for continuous monitoring?<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-b7d9c19b wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\"><div class=\"wp-block-safe-svg-svg-icon safe-svg-cover\" style=\"text-align: left;\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"safe-svg-inside safe-svg-inline\" style=\"width: 32px; height: 32px; background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--); color: var(--wp--preset--color--); padding-top: 0; padding-right: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; margin-top: 0; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0; margin-left: 0;\"><?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"no\"?> <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" class=\"icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 1024 1024\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"32\" height=\"32\"><path d=\"M501.0496 225.9008c1.9776-4.30848 3.3792-8.41984 5.65248-11.9744 3.82464-5.98656 11.03232-5.89184 13.73056 0.51968 27.92704 66.35136 74.78016 119.73888 119.27424 174.7456 25.23776 31.20128 49.71008 62.8992 68.15104 98.80448 17.57952 34.2272 28.4416 70.3424 29.28128 108.89088 0.8832 40.52608-9.22368 78.46144-30.06976 113.39008-32.99328 55.27936-80.94464 90.8096-143.59424 104.55296-76.60288 16.80256-145.1776-1.41696-203.41376-54.08384-39.3472-35.584-62.4128-80.41984-68.70272-133.44512-6.31808-53.26336 6.912-102.2336 32.6464-148.46336 21.2736-38.2208 48.8768-71.87584 76.31104-105.62432 32.3008-39.73248 64.4672-79.53536 89.2032-124.6592 3.9936-7.28576 7.57376-14.79808 11.53024-22.65344m-36.41216 378.90304c-15.41376-15.35232-30.78784-30.7456-46.26176-46.03648-6.16832-6.09536-10.1184-6.1056-16.38016-0.01024a1031.35872 1031.35872 0 0 0-22.57792 22.6496c-6.88768 7.13344-6.80448 9.34144 0.13696 16.43136 16.2624 16.6144 32.58112 33.17248 48.8448 49.78432 13.8752 14.17216 27.62752 28.46336 41.58464 42.55104 6.6816 6.7456 11.33696 6.4768 17.856-0.44032 1.16992-1.2416 2.26432-2.55232 3.38816-3.83616 40.47488-46.19008 80.93952-92.3904 121.43104-138.5664 12.512-14.26944 25.09056-28.48 37.664-42.69568 3.30496-3.7376 5.07136-7.7952 1.09696-11.89504-8.45696-8.72704-17.0624-17.3184-25.85088-25.71008-3.54688-3.38688-7.74016-3.2768-11.52256 0.06784-2.0736 1.83296-4.1024 3.73504-5.9776 5.7664-16.48256 17.85728-32.98944 35.69536-49.36704 53.64864-23.70688 25.98528-47.32544 52.0512-70.9568 78.1056-13.6 14.99648-9.64224 12.96512-23.10784 0.1856z\" fill=\"#21a529\"><\/path><\/svg> <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>A:<\/strong> They have no membrane or electrolyte, don\u2019t consume oxygen during measurement, aren\u2019t affected by flow rate, resist sulfide interference, and show low long-term drift \u2014 which makes them the practical default for unattended monitoring.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-b7d9c19b wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\"><div class=\"wp-block-safe-svg-svg-icon safe-svg-cover\" style=\"text-align: left;\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"safe-svg-inside safe-svg-inline\" style=\"width: 32px; height: 32px; background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--); color: var(--wp--preset--color--); padding-top: ; padding-right: ; padding-bottom: ; padding-left: ; margin-top: ; margin-right: ; margin-bottom: ; margin-left: ;\"><?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"no\"?> <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" class=\"icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 1024 1024\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"32\" height=\"32\"><path d=\"M358.70592 758.7456c-33.01888-30.9504-54.48448-68.19072-64.29056-111.7952-11.46752-50.99264-3.54176-99.89632 18.03264-146.9696 17.74592-38.71744 42.84416-72.6208 69.29024-105.6384 28.12416-35.1104 57.45792-69.28384 82.5088-106.77248 15.18592-22.7264 29.34016-46.01984 39.91552-71.3216 0.4928-1.1776 1.05856-2.33216 1.68064-3.44704 1.70624-3.05152 4.27008-4.57856 7.83872-4.57472 3.72224 0.00384 6.03648 1.98784 7.38048 5.14048 24.1536 56.64384 61.8368 104.25728 100.50816 151.27936 27.07712 32.92416 54.592 65.536 76.032 102.6944 17.06496 29.57568 30.71488 60.416 36.49408 94.25536 10.65856 62.4064-3.3728 119.11936-41.35808 169.50016-37.87136 50.22848-89.12384 79.04768-151.0592 86.68288-69.376 8.55424-130.6048-11.64928-182.97344-59.0336m234.77248-308.38784c-4.71168-6.65984-10.2016-12.57728-16.7936-17.41824-27.78368-20.40832-58.83648-24.52736-91.15392-15.51872-30.048 8.37376-52.27264 26.62144-60.46464 58.32832-3.8144 14.76096 11.6224 29.66528 26.5024 26.29632 10.26304-2.32448 15.936-9.09952 19.61472-18.3296 5.1968-13.0496 14.19776-22.25408 27.95136-25.984 7.39456-2.00576 14.9824-1.72672 22.71232-1.472 20.41088 0.672 41.17248 19.92576 34.42432 48.6016-2.8928 12.2944-11.34976 20.73344-19.96032 29.07392-9.1776 8.8896-19.29088 16.81408-27.35744 26.84928-10.16704 12.65024-16.73984 26.74816-16.91904 43.2064-0.1408 13.03552 7.54816 21.3248 20.28928 22.65344 12.3136 1.28256 20.4096-4.6528 22.51136-18.00192 2.26432-14.37952 9.792-25.08672 20.4608-34.2912 8.55168-7.37664 16.9856-14.91968 25.09824-22.77376 29.64992-28.70272 34.8224-67.61216 13.08416-101.21984M546.4448 689.152c3.58912-15.9744-8.8192-34.05568-25.41568-37.0368-18.91072-3.39584-37.376 9.43616-39.45856 27.424-1.87008 16.13824 10.0352 32.6208 25.66784 35.53536 17.69728 3.29984 34.2528-7.27168 39.2064-25.92256z\" fill=\"#d81e06\"><\/path><\/svg> <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Q: How long does a polarographic DO probe need to warm up?<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-b7d9c19b wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\"><div class=\"wp-block-safe-svg-svg-icon safe-svg-cover\" style=\"text-align: left;\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"safe-svg-inside safe-svg-inline\" style=\"width: 32px; height: 32px; background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--); color: var(--wp--preset--color--); padding-top: 0; padding-right: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; margin-top: 0; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0; margin-left: 0;\"><?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"no\"?> <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" class=\"icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 1024 1024\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"32\" height=\"32\"><path d=\"M501.0496 225.9008c1.9776-4.30848 3.3792-8.41984 5.65248-11.9744 3.82464-5.98656 11.03232-5.89184 13.73056 0.51968 27.92704 66.35136 74.78016 119.73888 119.27424 174.7456 25.23776 31.20128 49.71008 62.8992 68.15104 98.80448 17.57952 34.2272 28.4416 70.3424 29.28128 108.89088 0.8832 40.52608-9.22368 78.46144-30.06976 113.39008-32.99328 55.27936-80.94464 90.8096-143.59424 104.55296-76.60288 16.80256-145.1776-1.41696-203.41376-54.08384-39.3472-35.584-62.4128-80.41984-68.70272-133.44512-6.31808-53.26336 6.912-102.2336 32.6464-148.46336 21.2736-38.2208 48.8768-71.87584 76.31104-105.62432 32.3008-39.73248 64.4672-79.53536 89.2032-124.6592 3.9936-7.28576 7.57376-14.79808 11.53024-22.65344m-36.41216 378.90304c-15.41376-15.35232-30.78784-30.7456-46.26176-46.03648-6.16832-6.09536-10.1184-6.1056-16.38016-0.01024a1031.35872 1031.35872 0 0 0-22.57792 22.6496c-6.88768 7.13344-6.80448 9.34144 0.13696 16.43136 16.2624 16.6144 32.58112 33.17248 48.8448 49.78432 13.8752 14.17216 27.62752 28.46336 41.58464 42.55104 6.6816 6.7456 11.33696 6.4768 17.856-0.44032 1.16992-1.2416 2.26432-2.55232 3.38816-3.83616 40.47488-46.19008 80.93952-92.3904 121.43104-138.5664 12.512-14.26944 25.09056-28.48 37.664-42.69568 3.30496-3.7376 5.07136-7.7952 1.09696-11.89504-8.45696-8.72704-17.0624-17.3184-25.85088-25.71008-3.54688-3.38688-7.74016-3.2768-11.52256 0.06784-2.0736 1.83296-4.1024 3.73504-5.9776 5.7664-16.48256 17.85728-32.98944 35.69536-49.36704 53.64864-23.70688 25.98528-47.32544 52.0512-70.9568 78.1056-13.6 14.99648-9.64224 12.96512-23.10784 0.1856z\" fill=\"#21a529\"><\/path><\/svg> <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>A:<\/strong> Because the applied polarization voltage takes time to stabilize, polarographic probes typically need roughly 15 minutes of warm-up before an accurate reading is possible.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>References<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>U.S. Geological Survey, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.usgs.gov\/publication\/tm9A6.2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">National Field Manual for the Collection of Water-Quality Data \u2014 Chapter A6.2, Dissolved Oxygen<\/a><\/em> (covers Winkler, electrode, and luminescent\/fluorescence measurement methods).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Once you understand where dissolved oxygen comes from (Part 1) and how unevenly it\u2019s distributed through a pond over a day (Part 2), the next question is practical: how do you actually measure it, continuously and reliably? Four methods have been used historically, but only two remain common in production monitoring today. 1. Winkler (Iodometric) [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":24918,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[113,209,277],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-13147","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-dissolved-oxygen-sensor","category-dissolved-oxygen-probe","category-do-sensor"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13147","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13147"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13147\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/24918"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13147"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13147"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13147"}],"curies":[{"name":"#","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}