{"id":17692,"date":"2025-01-16T07:58:54","date_gmt":"2025-01-16T07:58:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kcsensor.com\/?p=17692"},"modified":"2026-09-28T09:30:09","modified_gmt":"2026-09-28T09:30:09","slug":"application-of-bioprocessing-in-water-treatment","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/ms\/application-of-bioprocessing-in-water-treatment\/","title":{"rendered":"Penggunaan Bioproses dalam Rawatan Air"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-cover is-light\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim-0 has-background-dim\" style=\"background-color:#8f877d\"><\/span><img data-dominant-color=\"868278\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #868278;\" fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" class=\"wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-17670 not-transparent\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/\u6c61\u6c34\u5904\u7406\u5382\u5168\u666f-1.jpg\" data-object-fit=\"cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/\u6c61\u6c34\u5904\u7406\u5382\u5168\u666f-1.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/\u6c61\u6c34\u5904\u7406\u5382\u5168\u666f-1-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/\u6c61\u6c34\u5904\u7406\u5382\u5168\u666f-1-768x513.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/\u6c61\u6c34\u5904\u7406\u5382\u5168\u666f-1-600x401.webp 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-cover-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-large-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-1 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"line-height:1.3\">Rawatan biologi ialah penggunaan mikroorganisma untuk memecahkan bahan organik dalam air sisa, yang dibahagikan terutamanya kepada rawatan biologi anaerobik dan aerobik.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-2 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"line-height:1.3\"><strong>Rawatan Biologi Anaerobik<\/strong>Prinsip rawatan biologi anaerobik ialah menggunakan mikroorganisma anaerobik untuk memetabolismakan bahan organik dalam persekitaran tanpa oksigen, menukarkannya kepada metana (CH4), karbon dioksida (CO2), dan beberapa produk perantaraan lain. Proses ini dikenali sebagai pencernaan anaerobik.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-3 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"line-height:1.3\"><strong>Rawatan Biologi Aerobik<\/strong>Di bawah keadaan aerobik, mikroorganisma menukarkan bahan organik kepada karbon dioksida dan air melalui pernafasan, sambil juga menyingkirkan pencemar seperti nitrogen amonia dan fosforus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-4\"><strong>Parameter berikut perlu dipantau semasa proses rawatan anaerobik:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim-0 has-background-dim\" style=\"background-color:#7c7d7f\"><\/span><img data-dominant-color=\"696c69\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #696c69;\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"511\" class=\"wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-17702 not-transparent\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/1-2-jpeg.webp\" data-object-fit=\"cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/1-2-jpeg.webp 800w, https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/1-2-300x192.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/1-2-768x491.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/1-2-600x383.webp 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-cover-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-large-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-5\"><strong>pH<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-6 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"line-height:1.3\">Mikroorganisma anaerobik sensitif terhadap pH persekitaran, terutamanya dalam keadaan berasid atau alkali, di mana aktiviti metabolik mereka boleh terhalang. Julat pH optimum bagi kebanyakan mikroorganisma anaerobik ialah 6.5\u20138.0. Pemantauan pH membantu menentukan sama ada sistem berada dalam keadaan persekitaran yang sesuai dan mencegah asidifikasi atau alkali yang berlebihan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-7\"><strong>Oksigen Terlarut (DO)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-8 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"line-height:1.3\">Semasa rawatan anaerobik, oksigen terlarut hendaklah hampir sifar kerana mikroorganisma anaerobik tumbuh dalam persekitaran tanpa oksigen. Jika kepekatan oksigen terlarut terlalu tinggi, ia mungkin menghalang aktiviti mikroorganisma anaerobik. Kepekatan DO biasanya dipantau menggunakan kaedah elektrod oksigen (seperti penderia DO) untuk memastikan persekitaran anaerobik.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-9\"><strong>Permintaan Oksigen Kimia (COD)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-10 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"line-height:1.3\">COD adalah penunjuk penting kepekatan bahan organik dalam air sisa. Matlamat rawatan anaerobik ialah merosakkan bahan organik melalui aktiviti mikroba, sekaligus mengurangkan COD dalam air sisa. Pemantauan berkala COD membantu menilai kecekapan penyingkiran pencemar dalam proses rawatan anaerobik dan menentukan sama ada tahap rawatan yang diingini telah dicapai.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-11\"><strong>Jumlah Nitrogen (TN) dan Nitrogen Ammonia (NH\u2083-N)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-12 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"line-height:1.3\">Sumber nitrogen, seperti nitrogen amonia, juga boleh terurai semasa proses rawatan anaerobik, terutamanya di bawah keadaan yang sesuai di mana denitrifikasi anaerobik dapat membuang nitrogen. Memantau kepekatan nitrogen total dan nitrogen amonia membantu menilai kecekapan penyingkiran nitrogen dan mencegah nitrogen berlebihan memasuki badan air hiliran, yang boleh menyebabkan eutrofikasi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-13\"><strong>Suhu<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-14 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"line-height:1.3\">Suhu secara langsung mempengaruhi aktiviti mikroorganisma anaerobik. Proses pencernaan anaerobik paling cekap dalam julat suhu 30\u201340\u00b0C (pencernaan anaerobik mesofilik). Suhu yang terlalu tinggi atau terlalu rendah boleh menjejaskan kadar tindak balas dan keberkesanan rawatan. Menjaga suhu dalam julat optimum adalah penting untuk operasi proses anaerobik yang lancar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-15 wp-block-paragraph\">Hampir semua penderia kualiti air KACISE dilengkapi dengan penderia suhu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Parameter berikut perlu dipantau semasa proses rawatan aerobik:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover is-light\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim\" style=\"background-color:#899284\"><\/span><img data-dominant-color=\"848f81\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"554\" height=\"377\" class=\"wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-17453 not-transparent\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/\u66dd\u6c14\u6c60-jpg.webp\" style=\"--dominant-color: #848f81; object-position:64% 16%\" data-object-fit=\"cover\" data-object-position=\"64% 16%\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/\u66dd\u6c14\u6c60-jpg.webp 554w, https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/\u66dd\u6c14\u6c60-300x204.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 554px) 100vw, 554px\" \/><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-cover-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-large-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-16\"><strong>Oksigen Terlarut (DO)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-17 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"line-height:1.3\">Oksigen terlarut penting untuk metabolisme mikroorganisma aerobik. Mikroorganisma memerlukan oksigen untuk pernafasan aerobik bagi memecahkan bahan organik. Jika kepekatan oksigen terlarut terlalu rendah, ia boleh menyebabkan penurunan aktiviti mikroba, menjejaskan kecekapan rawatan. Jika kepekatan oksigen terlarut terlalu tinggi, ia mungkin membazir tenaga. Tahap oksigen terlarut biasanya dipantau secara masa nyata menggunakan penderia DO untuk memastikan ia kekal dalam julat yang sesuai (biasanya 2\u20134 mg\/L).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-18\"><strong>pH<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-19 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"line-height:1.3\">pH mempengaruhi aktiviti metabolik mikroorganisma dan kecekapan penguraian bahan organik. Mikroorganisma aerobik paling aktif dalam persekitaran neutral atau sedikit alkali. Keadaan yang sangat berasid atau alkali boleh menghalang aktiviti mikroba dan bahkan menyebabkan kegagalan sistem. Ia biasanya dikekalkan dalam julat 6.5\u20138.5 untuk memastikan metabolisme mikroba yang normal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-20\"><strong>Permintaan Oksigen Kimia (COD)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-21 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"line-height:1.3\">Permintaan Oksigen Kimia (COD) adalah penunjuk biasa kepekatan bahan organik dalam air sisa. Nilai COD yang lebih tinggi menunjukkan kepekatan pencemar organik yang lebih tinggi dalam air. Tujuan utama rawatan aerobik ialah untuk membuang bahan organik ini dan menurunkan COD. Pemantauan berkala kepekatan COD pada air masuk dan air keluar membantu menilai keberkesanan rawatan aerobik. Rawatan aerobik boleh mengurangkan COD dalam air sisa dengan ketara, dan COD air keluar biasanya dikehendaki memenuhi piawaian peraturan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-22\"><strong>Permintaan Oksigen Biokimia (BOD)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-23 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"line-height:1.3\">BOD mencerminkan keperluan oksigen biologi untuk penguraian bahan organik dalam air. Ia merupakan penunjuk penting kualiti air dan tahap pencemaran. Semasa rawatan aerobik, mikroorganisma menguraikan bahan organik dalam BOD menjadi karbon dioksida dan air melalui pernafasan aerobik. Pengukuran nilai BOD secara berkala digunakan untuk menilai kecekapan penyingkiran sistem rawatan. BOD5 (keperluan oksigen biologi lima hari) biasanya merupakan penunjuk yang paling kerap dipantau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-24\"><strong>Nitrogen Ammonia (NH\u2083-N)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-25 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"line-height:1.3\">Nitrogen amonia adalah pencemar nitrogen biasa dalam air sisa. Mikroorganisma aerobik boleh menukarkan nitrogen amonia kepada nitrat melalui nitrifikasi. Apabila kepekatan nitrogen amonia terlalu tinggi, ia boleh menghalang aktiviti mikroba dan menjejaskan kecekapan rawatan. Pemantauan kepekatan nitrogen amonia memastikan penyingkiran yang berkesan daripada sistem, mencegah pencemaran sekunder kepada alam sekitar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-26\"><strong>Jumlah Nitrogen (TN)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-27 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"line-height:1.3\">Jumlah nitrogen merangkumi nitrogen amonia, nitrogen nitrat, dan bentuk nitrogen lain. Reaksi nitrifikasi dalam rawatan aerobik menukarkan nitrogen amonia kepada nitrogen nitrat. Walau bagaimanapun, nitrifikasi yang berlebihan boleh menyebabkan pengumpulan nitrogen nitrat. Pemantauan kepekatan nitrogen keseluruhan, terutamanya dalam sistem yang melibatkan penyingkiran nitrogen, memastikan nitrifikasi berjalan lancar dan mencegah pengumpulan nitrogen yang berlebihan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-28\"><strong>Suhu<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-29 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"line-height:1.3\">Suhu mempunyai kesan penting terhadap kadar metabolik mikroorganisma dan kecekapan rawatan. Secara amnya, mikroorganisma paling aktif dalam julat suhu 20\u201335\u00b0C. Jika suhu terlalu tinggi atau terlalu rendah, ia akan menjejaskan pertumbuhan mikroba dan kecekapan rawatan air sisa. Penderia suhu digunakan untuk memantau suhu reaktor dan memastikan ia kekal dalam julat optimum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-30\"><strong>Jumlah Pepejal Terapung (TSS)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-31 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"line-height:1.3\">TSS mencerminkan kepekatan pepejal terampai dalam air. Semasa rawatan aerobik, pepejal terampai dalam air sisa biasanya diurai oleh mikroorganisma (contohnya, lumpur diaktifkan). TSS yang berlebihan boleh menyebabkan penyumbatan sistem, menjejaskan aliran air sisa. Pemantauan kepekatan TSS mengelakkan pengumpulan berlebihan pepejal terampai, memastikan aktiviti mikroba dan keboleh-aliran air sisa dalam reaktor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-32\"><strong>Pewujud Terampai Cecair Campuran (MLSS)<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-33 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"line-height:1.3\">MLSS merujuk kepada kepekatan pepejal terampai dalam cecair campuran, termasuk lumpur aktif dan bahan organik yang tidak tercerna. Konsentrasi MLSS mempengaruhi kecekapan sistem rawatan aerobik. Konsentrasi MLSS biasanya dikawal dalam julat 2000-5000 mg\/L untuk memastikan bilangan mikroorganisma yang mencukupi bagi memecahkan bahan organik dalam air.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Biological treatment is the use of microorganisms to degrade organic matter in wastewater, primarily divided into anaerobic and aerobic biological treatment. Anaerobic Biological Treatment: The principle of anaerobic biological treatment is to use anaerobic microorganisms to metabolize organic substances in an oxygen-free environment, converting them into methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), and some other intermediate [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":17671,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[294],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-17692","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cases"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/ms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17692","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/ms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/ms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/ms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/ms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17692"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/ms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17692\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/ms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/17671"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/ms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17692"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/ms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=17692"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/ms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=17692"}],"curies":[{"name":"Perancis","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}