{"id":14228,"date":"2023-02-20T10:11:27","date_gmt":"2023-02-20T10:11:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kcsensor.com\/?p=14228"},"modified":"2026-09-26T08:57:38","modified_gmt":"2026-09-26T08:57:38","slug":"influence-of-dielectric-constant-on-radar-level-meter","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/pl\/influence-of-dielectric-constant-on-radar-level-meter\/","title":{"rendered":"W jaki spos\u00f3b dielektryczny sta\u0142y wp\u0142yw ma pomiar poziomu radaru (wytyczne dotycz\u0105ce tabeli i wyboru)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sta\u0142a dielektryczna (wzgl\u0119dna tolerancyjno\u015b\u0107, \u03b5<sub>r<\/sub>) medium okre\u015bla ile sygna\u0142u radarowego odbija si\u0119 na antenie. Media z \u03b5<sub>r<\/sub> &gt; 3.6 odzwierciedla\u0107 mocno i \u0142atwe cele; low-\u03b5<sub>r<\/sub> w\u0119glowodory (zazwyczaj 1,4- 4,0) odzwierciedlaj\u0105 tylko niewielk\u0105 cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 sygna\u0142u i wymagaj\u0105 <strong>Radar z fal\u0105 przewodni\u0105<\/strong> lub <strong>radar o wysokiej cz\u0119stotliwo\u015bci (80 GHz) niekontaktowy<\/strong> dla wiarygodnego pomiaru wsp\u00f3lnego twierdzenia, \u017ce \"niskie sta\u0142e p\u0142yny dielektryczne nie mog\u0105 by\u0107 mierzone za pomoc\u0105 radaru\" jest zatem tylko cz\u0119\u015bciowo prawdziwe - jakie zmiany s\u0105 tymi, kt\u00f3re okre\u015bla radar.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Je\u015bli nie jeste\u015b zaznajomiony ze sta\u0142\u0105 dielektryczn\u0105, obejrzyj ten film, aby pom\u00f3c Ci zrozumie\u0107 podstawy.<br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4hpLxJYEBHA&amp;t\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4hpLxJYEBHA&amp;t<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Co to jest dielektryczny sta\u0142y (\u03b5<sub>r<\/sub>)?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sta\u0142a dielektryczna, dok\u0142adniej <em>wzgl\u0119dna permitywno\u015b\u0107<\/em>, opisuje, jak materia\u0142 reaguje na stosowane pole elektryczne: ile \u0142adunku przechowuje na jednostk\u0119 napi\u0119cia w por\u00f3wnaniu z pr\u00f3\u017cni. Dla pomiaru na poziomie radara, ma znaczenie z jednego powodu - wielko\u015b\u0107 odbicia na powierzchni \u015bredniej jest regulowana przez <strong>kontrast permitacyjny<\/strong> mi\u0119dzy medium a powietrzem (lub par\u0105) nad nim. Du\u017cy kontrast wytwarza silne echo; ma\u0142y kontrast wytwarza s\u0142aby.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dwa ko\u0144ce skali praktycznej:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Wysokie \u03b5<sub>r<\/sub> (polarne, przewodz\u0105ce):<\/strong> roztwory wodne i wodne, kwasy i zasady. \u03b5<sub>r<\/sub> dla wody jest oko\u0142o 80 w temperaturze pokojowej, wi\u0119c powierzchnia zachowuje si\u0119 prawie jak lustro radarowe.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Niskie \u03b5<sub>r<\/sub> (niepolarne):<\/strong> w\u0119glowodory, rozpuszczalniki i skroplone gazy. Benzen wynosi oko\u0142o 2,3, a n- heksan oko\u0142o 1,9, wi\u0119c wi\u0119kszo\u015b\u0107 pulsu przechodzi do medium zamiast wr\u00f3ci\u0107.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Przemys\u0142 grupuje media na trzy zespo\u0142y, co jest przydatnym skr\u00f3tem podczas czytania arkusza specyfikacji: <strong>inne ni\u017c polarne<\/strong> (\u03b5<sub>r<\/sub> &amp; lt; 2,8), <strong>s\u0142abo polarne<\/strong> (2,8 \u2264 \u03b5)<sub>r<\/sub> \u2264 3,6), oraz <strong>polarny<\/strong> (\u03b5<sub>r<\/sub> > 3.6).<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Dielektryczny sta\u0142y i zalecany typ radaru<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tabela poni\u017cej pary typowe \u03b5<sub>r<\/sub> warto\u015bci z technologi\u0105 radarow\u0105, kt\u00f3ra mierzy ka\u017cde medium niezawodnie. Warto\u015bci s\u0105 wzgl\u0119dn\u0105 tolerancj\u0105 przy oko\u0142o 20 &amp; nbsp; \u00b0 C.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\">\n<table class=\"has-fixed-layout\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u015aredni<\/th>\n<th>\u03b5<sub>r<\/sub> (typowy)<\/th>\n<th>Zalecana metoda pomiaru<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Woda<\/td>\n<td>RR80<\/td>\n<td>Radar niekontaktowy - silne echo, najprostszy przypadek<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Kwasy \/ roztwory \u017cr\u0105ce (przewodz\u0105ce)<\/td>\n<td>0, 040 - 80<\/td>\n<td>Radar niekontaktowy z anten\u0105 korozyjn\u0105 (PTFE \/ ko\u0142nierz)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Metanol, etanol, aceton<\/td>\n<td>RR20- 33<\/td>\n<td>Radar niekontaktowy, standard 80 &amp; nbsp; GHz<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Alkohole \/ rozpuszczalniki<\/td>\n<td>RR15- 25<\/td>\n<td>Radar niekontaktowy; fala z przewodem, w kt\u00f3rej pobudzenie lub w\u0105ska dysza ograniczaj\u0105 wi\u0105zk\u0119<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Kwas octowy<\/td>\n<td>6. 2<\/td>\n<td>Radary niekontaktowe (zalecane 80 &amp; nbsp; GHz)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Oleje jadalne i oleje procesowe<\/td>\n<td>RR2- 5<\/td>\n<td>radar niekontaktowy GHz 80 &amp; nbsp; lub radar z fal\u0105 przewodni\u0105, gdzie dost\u0119pna jest studnia szczelinowa<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>W\u0119glowodory \/ benzyna \/ benzen<\/td>\n<td>1, 8- 2, 3<\/td>\n<td>Radar z falami przewodnimi (najlepszy sygna\u0142) lub radar niekontaktowy GHz 80 &amp; nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Gaz p\u0142ynny, rozpuszczalnik nr 4<\/td>\n<td>1, 4- 1, 8<\/td>\n<td>Tylko radar z fal\u0105 przewodni\u0105<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Pigmenty i substancje sta\u0142e (zakurzone)<\/td>\n<td>r\u00f3\u017cni si\u0119 znacznie<\/td>\n<td>80 radar niekontaktowy GHz; fala z przewodnikiem, je\u015bli mo\u017cna tolerowa\u0107 nagromadzenie sondy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Tabela - sta\u0142a dielektryczna (wzgl\u0119dna tolerancyjno\u015b\u0107) i zalecana metoda pomiaru. Warto\u015bci w temp. Warto\u015bci r\u00f3\u017cni\u0105 si\u0119 w zale\u017cno\u015bci od temperatury, czysto\u015bci i cz\u0119stotliwo\u015bci pomiaru - przed okre\u015bleniem potwierd\u017a swoj\u0105 \u015bredni\u0105 &amp; # 8217;.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Wsp\u00f3lne p\u0142yny i ich wzgl\u0119dna zdolno\u015b\u0107<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">W przypadku prac referencyjnych, poni\u017cszy d\u0142u\u017cszy wykaz obejmuje rozpuszczalniki, kt\u00f3re generuj\u0105 wi\u0119kszo\u015b\u0107 bada\u0144 pomiar\u00f3w poziom\u00f3w. Warto\u015bci s\u0105 wzgl\u0119dn\u0105 tolerancj\u0105 w temperaturze pokojowej.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\">\n<table class=\"has-fixed-layout\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>P\u0142ynne<\/th>\n<th>\u03b5<sub>r<\/sub><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Woda (H<sub>2<\/sub>O)<\/td>\n<td>78.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Kwas mr\u00f3wkowy (HCOOH)<\/td>\n<td>58.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>N, N-dimetyloformamid (DMF)<\/td>\n<td>36.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Metanol (CH)<sub>3<\/sub>Oh)<\/td>\n<td>32.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Etanol (C<sub>2<\/sub>H<sub>5<\/sub>Oh)<\/td>\n<td>24.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Aceton (CH)<sub>3<\/sub>COCH<sub>3<\/sub>)<\/td>\n<td>20.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>n-Heksanol<\/td>\n<td>13.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Kwas octowy<\/td>\n<td>6.15<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Benzen (C<sub>6<\/sub>H<sub>6<\/sub>)<\/td>\n<td>2.28<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Tetrachlorek w\u0119gla (CCl<sub>4<\/sub>)<\/td>\n<td>2.24<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>n-heksan (C<sub>6<\/sub>H<sub>14<\/sub>)<\/td>\n<td>1.88<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nr 4 rozpuszczalnik<\/td>\n<td>1.78<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Tabela - wzgl\u0119dna tolerancyjno\u015b\u0107 p\u0142yn\u00f3w sta\u0142ych w temperaturze pokojowej (standardowe warto\u015bci odniesienia)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-3a8a1933 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" data-dominant-color=\"f4f4f4\" data-has-transparency=\"true\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f4f4f4;\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"554\" height=\"675\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Commonly-Used-Dielectric-Constant-Table1.png\" alt=\"Tabela odniesienia wzgl\u0119dnych sta\u0142ych warto\u015bci dielektrycznych dla gaz\u00f3w, par i substancji sta\u0142ych\" class=\"wp-image-14229 has-transparency\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Commonly-Used-Dielectric-Constant-Table1.png 554w, https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Commonly-Used-Dielectric-Constant-Table1-246x300.png 246w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 554px) 100vw, 554px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig. 1 \u2014 Reference values: relative dielectric constant of common gases, vapours and solids.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" data-dominant-color=\"f6f6f6\" data-has-transparency=\"true\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f6f6f6;\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"554\" height=\"386\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Commonly-Used-Dielectric-Constant-Table2.png\" alt=\"Tabela odniesienia wzgl\u0119dnych sta\u0142ych warto\u015bci dielektrycznych dla cieczy i materia\u0142\u00f3w sta\u0142ych\" class=\"wp-image-14230 has-transparency\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Commonly-Used-Dielectric-Constant-Table2.png 554w, https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Commonly-Used-Dielectric-Constant-Table2-300x209.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 554px) 100vw, 554px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig. 2 \u2014 Reference values continued: relative dielectric constant of liquids and solid materials.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>How \u03b5<sub>r<\/sub> Wp\u0142ywa na radar z przewodnikiem<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Radar z fal\u0105 przewodni\u0105 wysy\u0142a impuls o niskiej energii w sond\u0119 (stalowy kabel lub pr\u0119t). Na granicy sondy \/ \u015bredniej zmiany w sta\u0142ej dielektrycznej odzwierciedlaj\u0105 cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 impulsu z powrotem; reszta pozostaje w d\u00f3\u0142 sondy. Poniewa\u017c t\u0119tno jest kierowane raczej ni\u017c promieniowane, echo nie zale\u017cy od p\u0142askiej powierzchni lub szerokiej wi\u0105zki - dlatego fala przewodnia radzi sobie z turbulencjami, nachylone powierzchnie i bardzo niskie \u03b5<sub>r<\/sub> media, kt\u00f3re pokona\u0142yby jednostk\u0119 niekontaktow\u0105.<\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Praktyczne zespo\u0142y do wyboru fal przewodnich:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Produkty naftowe i w\u0119glowodory w s\u0142u\u017cbie petrochemicznej: 1,4 \u2264 \u03b5<sub>r<\/sub> \u2264 4, 0<\/li>\n<li>Alkohole, rozpuszczalniki organiczne i mieszaniny wody olejowej: 4,0 \u2264 \u03b5<sub>r<\/sub> \u2264 10, 0<\/li>\n<li>P\u0142yny przewodz\u0105ce, takie jak roztwory wodne, rozcie\u0144czane kwasy i zasady: \u03b5<sub>r<\/sub> > 10.0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Radar fal przewodnich mo\u017ce r\u00f3wnie\u017c mierzy\u0107 gaz \/ ciecz, gaz \/ sta\u0142a lub ciecz \/ ciecz, co jest standardowym rozwi\u0105zaniem do wykrywania granic wody olejowej w separatorach i sumptach.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>How \u03b5<sub>r<\/sub> Wp\u0142ywa Radar niekontaktowy<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-3a8a1933 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Radar niekontaktowy promieniuje z anteny i opiera si\u0119 na odbiciu z powierzchni produktu. Im wy\u017csza sta\u0142a dielektryczna, tym silniejsze odbicie - a wszystko inne jest r\u00f3wne, tym d\u0142u\u017cszy zasi\u0119g mo\u017cna osi\u0105gn\u0105\u0107. Im dalej cel, tym wi\u0119cej sygna\u0142u jest stracony do rozprzestrzeniania wi\u0105zki i t\u0142umienia, wi\u0119c niskie-\u03b5<sub>r<\/sub> medium musi by\u0107 bli\u017cej anteny dla tej samej niezawodno\u015bci.<br \/>Nowoczesny radar 80 GHz (milimetrowa fala) w du\u017cej mierze rozwi\u0105zuje historyczne ograniczenia: znacznie wi\u0119kszy zakres sygna\u0142\u00f3w dynamicznych i w\u0119\u017cszy, bardziej skoncentrowany \u015brodek wi\u0105zki o \u015bredniej warto\u015bci low-\u03b5r mo\u017ce by\u0107 mierzony bardziej stabilnie ni\u017c w przypadku starszych instrument\u00f3w 26 GHz. Nasz zakres czujnik\u00f3w poziomu radaru 80 GHz jest okre\u015blony dok\u0142adnie dla tego zadania - na przyk\u0142ad czujnik poziomu radaru KLD804 osi\u0105ga dok\u0142adno\u015b\u0107 \u00b1 2 mm z minimaln\u0105 stref\u0105 \u015blep\u0105 wynosz\u0105c\u0105 0,05 m i jest wyra\u017anie zaprojektowany do utrzymywania pomiar\u00f3w na niskich sta\u0142ych no\u015bnikach dielektrycznych, przyczepno\u015bci i kondensacji.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" data-dominant-color=\"dfe1e1\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Influence-of-Dielectric-Constant-on-Radar-Level-Meter-1-jpg.webp\" alt=\"Wp\u0142yw sta\u0142ej dielektrycznej na miernik poziomu radaru\" class=\"wp-image-17192 not-transparent\" style=\"--dominant-color: #dfe1e1; width:367px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Influence-of-Dielectric-Constant-on-Radar-Level-Meter-1-jpg.webp 500w, https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Influence-of-Dielectric-Constant-on-Radar-Level-Meter-1-300x300.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Influence-of-Dielectric-Constant-on-Radar-Level-Meter-1-150x150.webp 150w, https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Influence-of-Dielectric-Constant-on-Radar-Level-Meter-1-100x100.webp 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Pomiar Low- \u03b5<sub>r<\/sub> Media (\u03b5<sub>r<\/sub> &amp; lt; 2.5): 80 &amp; nbsp; GHz vs.<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Poni\u017cej w przybli\u017ceniu \u03b5<sub>r<\/sub> = 2.5, odbicie jest na tyle s\u0142abe, \u017ce wyb\u00f3r instrument\u00f3w przestaje by\u0107 preferencj\u0105 i staje si\u0119 ograniczeniem. Dwie mo\u017cliwe do zrealizowania opcje maj\u0105 r\u00f3\u017cne granice:<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\">\n<table class=\"has-fixed-layout\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Sytuacja<\/th>\n<th>Wybierz<\/th>\n<th>Dlaczego?<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u03b5<sub>r<\/sub> 1.8- 2.5, czysta ciecz, du\u017ca dysza, bez nagromadzenia na sondzie<\/td>\n<td>radar niekontaktowy GHz 80 &amp; nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>Zakres dynamiczny fali milimetrowej odzyskuje s\u0142abe echo; nic nie kontaktuje si\u0119 z produktem<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u03b5<sub>r<\/sub> 1.4- 1.8, lub szczelnie studni \/ komory bypass jest dost\u0119pny<\/td>\n<td>Radar z fal\u0105 przewodni\u0105<\/td>\n<td>Puls jest prowadzony wzd\u0142u\u017c sondy, wi\u0119c utrata \u015bcie\u017cki jest minimalna, a s\u0142abe odbicie jest nadal wykrywalne<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Powierzchnia turbulencyjna, piana lub mocno nachylony poziom cieczy<\/td>\n<td>Radar z fal\u0105 przewodni\u0105<\/td>\n<td>Echo nie zale\u017cy od p\u0142askiej, poziomej powierzchni<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Agresywne media, higieniczne us\u0142ugi, lub nagromadzenie, kt\u00f3re mog\u0142yby faulowa\u0107 sond\u0119<\/td>\n<td>radar niekontaktowy GHz 80 &amp; nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>Brak mokrej sondy do czyszczenia lub korozji<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Interfejs ciecz \/ ciecz (woda olejowa)<\/td>\n<td>Radar z fal\u0105 przewodni\u0105<\/td>\n<td>Rozwi\u0105zanie odbicia interfejsu, nie tylko g\u00f3rnej powierzchni<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Silo wysokie z zakurzonymi sta\u0142ymi, bardzo d\u0142ugi zakres<\/td>\n<td>radar niekontaktowy GHz 80 &amp; nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>Promie\u0144 w\u0105ski i wysoki zakres dynamiczny, bez wp\u0142ywu kurzu i kondensacji<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Tabela - granice wyboru dla niskodielektrycznych sta\u0142ych no\u015bnik\u00f3w<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">W przypadku gdy zbiornik nie posiada dyszy nadaj\u0105cej si\u0119 do radaru niekontaktowego 80 &amp; nbsp; GHz ani te\u017c nie posiada dobrze utrzymuj\u0105cej si\u0119 sondy, praktyczn\u0105 alternatyw\u0105 jest zmiana zasady pomiaru w ca\u0142o\u015bci, a nie akceptacja nieniezawodnego odczytu radaru - w\u0142a\u015bciwym rozwi\u0105zaniem in\u017cynierskim mo\u017ce by\u0107 urz\u0105dzenie pojemno\u015bciowe lub hydrostatyczne.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Pomiar interfejsu: Co \u03b5<sub>r<\/sub> Wymaga<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Zar\u00f3wno radar z fal\u0105 przewodni\u0105, jak i radar niekontaktowy mog\u0105 zmierzy\u0107 interfejs poprzez \u015bledzenie cz\u0119\u015bci impulsu, kt\u00f3ra nie jest odbijana na g\u00f3rnej powierzchni w d\u00f3\u0142 do ni\u017cszego produktu. Wymogi s\u0105 bardziej rygorystyczne ni\u017c w przypadku prostego poziomu:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Radar fal przewodnich:<\/strong> g\u00f3rne pod\u0142o\u017ce jest zazwyczaj wymagane, aby mie\u0107 co najmniej 10- 20 cm grubo\u015bci, dzi\u0119ki czemu dwa echo mo\u017cna usun\u0105\u0107; g\u00f3rne pod\u0142o\u017ce \u03b5<sub>r<\/sub> powinno by\u0107 poni\u017cej oko\u0142o 3, a ni\u017csze powy\u017cej oko\u0142o 20, przy r\u00f3\u017cnicy wi\u0119kszej ni\u017c 10.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Radar niekontaktowy:<\/strong> sta\u0142e dielektryczne obu produkt\u00f3w musz\u0105 by\u0107 znane i stabilne, a r\u00f3\u017cnica mi\u0119dzy nimi musi by\u0107 wi\u0119ksza ni\u017c oko\u0142o 6.<\/li>\n<li>W obu przypadkach pomiar rozk\u0142ada si\u0119, je\u017celi g\u00f3rna warstwa jest emulgowana, je\u015bli jej grubo\u015b\u0107 zmienia si\u0119 gwa\u0142townie lub je\u017celi piana znajduje si\u0119 na obu granicach.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Wyb\u00f3r prawego radaru dla Twojego p\u0142ynu<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kr\u00f3tkie podsumowanie wyboru: roztwory wodne i wodne s\u0105 \u0142atwym przypadkiem - standardowy radar niekontaktowy obs\u0142uguje je. Rozpuszczalniki i oleje lekkie siedz\u0105 w \u015brodkowym pa\u015bmie i na og\u00f3\u0142 chc\u0105 80 &amp; nbsp; GHz. W\u0119glowodory i skroplone gazy s\u0105 trudnym przypadkiem i zazwyczaj chc\u0105 fali przewodowej. Je\u015bli zbiornik jest zdalny i okablowanie jest raczej ograniczenie ni\u017c medium, bezprzewodowy radar zmienia ekonomik\u0119 instalacji - zobacz nasz <a href=\"\/pl\/433m-wireless-radar-technical-solution\/\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">433 &amp; nbsp; M bezprzewodowy radar rozwi\u0105zanie techniczne<\/a>, i dla por\u00f3wnania head- to- head mi\u0119dzy dwoma technologiami czyta\u0107 <a href=\"\/pl\/80g-radar-vs-guided-wave-radar-which-one-has-the-advantage\/\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">radar 80 &amp; nbsp; GHz vs radar z fal\u0105 przewodni\u0105<\/a>Pe\u0142ny katalog znajduje si\u0119 pod <a href=\"\/pl\/product-category\/radar-level-sensor\/\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">radarowe czujniki poziomu<\/a>, z modelami przewodnimi w <a href=\"\/pl\/product-category\/radar-level-sensor\/guided-wave-radar\/\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">kategoria<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>FAQ<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-container-core-group-is-layout-17f477d5 wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-b7d9c19b wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-safe-svg-svg-icon safe-svg-cover\" style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<div class=\"safe-svg-inside safe-svg-inline\" style=\"width: 32px; height: 32px; background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--); color: var(--wp--preset--color--); padding-top: ; padding-right: ; padding-bottom: ; padding-left: ; margin-top: ; margin-right: ; margin-bottom: ; margin-left: ;\"><?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"no\"?> <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" class=\"icon\" viewbox=\"0 0 1024 1024\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"32\" height=\"32\"><path d=\"M358.70592 758.7456c-33.01888-30.9504-54.48448-68.19072-64.29056-111.7952-11.46752-50.99264-3.54176-99.89632 18.03264-146.9696 17.74592-38.71744 42.84416-72.6208 69.29024-105.6384 28.12416-35.1104 57.45792-69.28384 82.5088-106.77248 15.18592-22.7264 29.34016-46.01984 39.91552-71.3216 0.4928-1.1776 1.05856-2.33216 1.68064-3.44704 1.70624-3.05152 4.27008-4.57856 7.83872-4.57472 3.72224 0.00384 6.03648 1.98784 7.38048 5.14048 24.1536 56.64384 61.8368 104.25728 100.50816 151.27936 27.07712 32.92416 54.592 65.536 76.032 102.6944 17.06496 29.57568 30.71488 60.416 36.49408 94.25536 10.65856 62.4064-3.3728 119.11936-41.35808 169.50016-37.87136 50.22848-89.12384 79.04768-151.0592 86.68288-69.376 8.55424-130.6048-11.64928-182.97344-59.0336m234.77248-308.38784c-4.71168-6.65984-10.2016-12.57728-16.7936-17.41824-27.78368-20.40832-58.83648-24.52736-91.15392-15.51872-30.048 8.37376-52.27264 26.62144-60.46464 58.32832-3.8144 14.76096 11.6224 29.66528 26.5024 26.29632 10.26304-2.32448 15.936-9.09952 19.61472-18.3296 5.1968-13.0496 14.19776-22.25408 27.95136-25.984 7.39456-2.00576 14.9824-1.72672 22.71232-1.472 20.41088 0.672 41.17248 19.92576 34.42432 48.6016-2.8928 12.2944-11.34976 20.73344-19.96032 29.07392-9.1776 8.8896-19.29088 16.81408-27.35744 26.84928-10.16704 12.65024-16.73984 26.74816-16.91904 43.2064-0.1408 13.03552 7.54816 21.3248 20.28928 22.65344 12.3136 1.28256 20.4096-4.6528 22.51136-18.00192 2.26432-14.37952 9.792-25.08672 20.4608-34.2912 8.55168-7.37664 16.9856-14.91968 25.09824-22.77376 29.64992-28.70272 34.8224-67.61216 13.08416-101.21984M546.4448 689.152c3.58912-15.9744-8.8192-34.05568-25.41568-37.0368-18.91072-3.39584-37.376 9.43616-39.45856 27.424-1.87008 16.13824 10.0352 32.6208 25.66784 35.53536 17.69728 3.29984 34.2528-7.27168 39.2064-25.92256z\" fill=\"#d81e06\"><\/path><\/svg> <\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>P: Jaka jest minimalna sta\u0142a dielektryczna, kt\u00f3r\u0105 mo\u017ce zmierzy\u0107 radar niekontaktowy?<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-b7d9c19b wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-safe-svg-svg-icon safe-svg-cover\" style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<div class=\"safe-svg-inside safe-svg-inline\" style=\"width: 32px; height: 32px; background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--); color: var(--wp--preset--color--); padding-top: 0; padding-right: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; margin-top: 0; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0; margin-left: 0;\"><?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"no\"?> <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" class=\"icon\" viewbox=\"0 0 1024 1024\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"32\" height=\"32\"><path d=\"M501.0496 225.9008c1.9776-4.30848 3.3792-8.41984 5.65248-11.9744 3.82464-5.98656 11.03232-5.89184 13.73056 0.51968 27.92704 66.35136 74.78016 119.73888 119.27424 174.7456 25.23776 31.20128 49.71008 62.8992 68.15104 98.80448 17.57952 34.2272 28.4416 70.3424 29.28128 108.89088 0.8832 40.52608-9.22368 78.46144-30.06976 113.39008-32.99328 55.27936-80.94464 90.8096-143.59424 104.55296-76.60288 16.80256-145.1776-1.41696-203.41376-54.08384-39.3472-35.584-62.4128-80.41984-68.70272-133.44512-6.31808-53.26336 6.912-102.2336 32.6464-148.46336 21.2736-38.2208 48.8768-71.87584 76.31104-105.62432 32.3008-39.73248 64.4672-79.53536 89.2032-124.6592 3.9936-7.28576 7.57376-14.79808 11.53024-22.65344m-36.41216 378.90304c-15.41376-15.35232-30.78784-30.7456-46.26176-46.03648-6.16832-6.09536-10.1184-6.1056-16.38016-0.01024a1031.35872 1031.35872 0 0 0-22.57792 22.6496c-6.88768 7.13344-6.80448 9.34144 0.13696 16.43136 16.2624 16.6144 32.58112 33.17248 48.8448 49.78432 13.8752 14.17216 27.62752 28.46336 41.58464 42.55104 6.6816 6.7456 11.33696 6.4768 17.856-0.44032 1.16992-1.2416 2.26432-2.55232 3.38816-3.83616 40.47488-46.19008 80.93952-92.3904 121.43104-138.5664 12.512-14.26944 25.09056-28.48 37.664-42.69568 3.30496-3.7376 5.07136-7.7952 1.09696-11.89504-8.45696-8.72704-17.0624-17.3184-25.85088-25.71008-3.54688-3.38688-7.74016-3.2768-11.52256 0.06784-2.0736 1.83296-4.1024 3.73504-5.9776 5.7664-16.48256 17.85728-32.98944 35.69536-49.36704 53.64864-23.70688 25.98528-47.32544 52.0512-70.9568 78.1056-13.6 14.99648-9.64224 12.96512-23.10784 0.1856z\" fill=\"#21a529\"><\/path><\/svg> <\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>A:<\/strong> Producenci zazwyczaj okre\u015blaj\u0105 minimum oko\u0142o \u03b5<sub>r<\/sub> 1.5-2 dla radaru niekontaktowego. Poni\u017cej, radar fal przewodnich jest zalecan\u0105 technologi\u0105, poniewa\u017c impuls jest prowadzony wzd\u0142u\u017c sondy, a nie promieniowany przez powietrze.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-b7d9c19b wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-safe-svg-svg-icon safe-svg-cover\" style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<div class=\"safe-svg-inside safe-svg-inline\" style=\"width: 32px; height: 32px; background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--); color: var(--wp--preset--color--); padding-top: ; padding-right: ; padding-bottom: ; padding-left: ; margin-top: ; margin-right: ; margin-bottom: ; margin-left: ;\"><?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"no\"?> <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" class=\"icon\" viewbox=\"0 0 1024 1024\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"32\" height=\"32\"><path d=\"M358.70592 758.7456c-33.01888-30.9504-54.48448-68.19072-64.29056-111.7952-11.46752-50.99264-3.54176-99.89632 18.03264-146.9696 17.74592-38.71744 42.84416-72.6208 69.29024-105.6384 28.12416-35.1104 57.45792-69.28384 82.5088-106.77248 15.18592-22.7264 29.34016-46.01984 39.91552-71.3216 0.4928-1.1776 1.05856-2.33216 1.68064-3.44704 1.70624-3.05152 4.27008-4.57856 7.83872-4.57472 3.72224 0.00384 6.03648 1.98784 7.38048 5.14048 24.1536 56.64384 61.8368 104.25728 100.50816 151.27936 27.07712 32.92416 54.592 65.536 76.032 102.6944 17.06496 29.57568 30.71488 60.416 36.49408 94.25536 10.65856 62.4064-3.3728 119.11936-41.35808 169.50016-37.87136 50.22848-89.12384 79.04768-151.0592 86.68288-69.376 8.55424-130.6048-11.64928-182.97344-59.0336m234.77248-308.38784c-4.71168-6.65984-10.2016-12.57728-16.7936-17.41824-27.78368-20.40832-58.83648-24.52736-91.15392-15.51872-30.048 8.37376-52.27264 26.62144-60.46464 58.32832-3.8144 14.76096 11.6224 29.66528 26.5024 26.29632 10.26304-2.32448 15.936-9.09952 19.61472-18.3296 5.1968-13.0496 14.19776-22.25408 27.95136-25.984 7.39456-2.00576 14.9824-1.72672 22.71232-1.472 20.41088 0.672 41.17248 19.92576 34.42432 48.6016-2.8928 12.2944-11.34976 20.73344-19.96032 29.07392-9.1776 8.8896-19.29088 16.81408-27.35744 26.84928-10.16704 12.65024-16.73984 26.74816-16.91904 43.2064-0.1408 13.03552 7.54816 21.3248 20.28928 22.65344 12.3136 1.28256 20.4096-4.6528 22.51136-18.00192 2.26432-14.37952 9.792-25.08672 20.4608-34.2912 8.55168-7.37664 16.9856-14.91968 25.09824-22.77376 29.64992-28.70272 34.8224-67.61216 13.08416-101.21984M546.4448 689.152c3.58912-15.9744-8.8192-34.05568-25.41568-37.0368-18.91072-3.39584-37.376 9.43616-39.45856 27.424-1.87008 16.13824 10.0352 32.6208 25.66784 35.53536 17.69728 3.29984 34.2528-7.27168 39.2064-25.92256z\" fill=\"#d81e06\"><\/path><\/svg> <\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>P: Jaka sta\u0142a r\u00f3\u017cnica dielektryczna jest potrzebna do pomiaru interfejsu olejowo-wodnego?<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-b7d9c19b wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-safe-svg-svg-icon safe-svg-cover\" style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<div class=\"safe-svg-inside safe-svg-inline\" style=\"width: 32px; height: 32px; background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--); color: var(--wp--preset--color--); padding-top: 0; padding-right: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; margin-top: 0; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0; margin-left: 0;\"><?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"no\"?> <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" class=\"icon\" viewbox=\"0 0 1024 1024\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"32\" height=\"32\"><path d=\"M501.0496 225.9008c1.9776-4.30848 3.3792-8.41984 5.65248-11.9744 3.82464-5.98656 11.03232-5.89184 13.73056 0.51968 27.92704 66.35136 74.78016 119.73888 119.27424 174.7456 25.23776 31.20128 49.71008 62.8992 68.15104 98.80448 17.57952 34.2272 28.4416 70.3424 29.28128 108.89088 0.8832 40.52608-9.22368 78.46144-30.06976 113.39008-32.99328 55.27936-80.94464 90.8096-143.59424 104.55296-76.60288 16.80256-145.1776-1.41696-203.41376-54.08384-39.3472-35.584-62.4128-80.41984-68.70272-133.44512-6.31808-53.26336 6.912-102.2336 32.6464-148.46336 21.2736-38.2208 48.8768-71.87584 76.31104-105.62432 32.3008-39.73248 64.4672-79.53536 89.2032-124.6592 3.9936-7.28576 7.57376-14.79808 11.53024-22.65344m-36.41216 378.90304c-15.41376-15.35232-30.78784-30.7456-46.26176-46.03648-6.16832-6.09536-10.1184-6.1056-16.38016-0.01024a1031.35872 1031.35872 0 0 0-22.57792 22.6496c-6.88768 7.13344-6.80448 9.34144 0.13696 16.43136 16.2624 16.6144 32.58112 33.17248 48.8448 49.78432 13.8752 14.17216 27.62752 28.46336 41.58464 42.55104 6.6816 6.7456 11.33696 6.4768 17.856-0.44032 1.16992-1.2416 2.26432-2.55232 3.38816-3.83616 40.47488-46.19008 80.93952-92.3904 121.43104-138.5664 12.512-14.26944 25.09056-28.48 37.664-42.69568 3.30496-3.7376 5.07136-7.7952 1.09696-11.89504-8.45696-8.72704-17.0624-17.3184-25.85088-25.71008-3.54688-3.38688-7.74016-3.2768-11.52256 0.06784-2.0736 1.83296-4.1024 3.73504-5.9776 5.7664-16.48256 17.85728-32.98944 35.69536-49.36704 53.64864-23.70688 25.98528-47.32544 52.0512-70.9568 78.1056-13.6 14.99648-9.64224 12.96512-23.10784 0.1856z\" fill=\"#21a529\"><\/path><\/svg> <\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>A:<\/strong> Radar z fal\u0105 przewodni\u0105 zazwyczaj potrzebuje g\u00f3rnego medium poni\u017cej oko\u0142o \u03b5<sub>r<\/sub> 3 i ni\u017csze powy\u017cej oko\u0142o 20, z r\u00f3\u017cnic\u0105 wi\u0119ksz\u0105 ni\u017c 10; radar niekontaktowy wymaga r\u00f3\u017cnicy wi\u0119kszej ni\u017c oko\u0142o 6. Oba media musia\u0142y wiedzie\u0107, \u017ce s\u0105 stabilne.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-b7d9c19b wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-safe-svg-svg-icon safe-svg-cover\" style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<div class=\"safe-svg-inside safe-svg-inline\" style=\"width: 32px; height: 32px; background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--); color: var(--wp--preset--color--); padding-top: ; padding-right: ; padding-bottom: ; padding-left: ; margin-top: ; margin-right: ; margin-bottom: ; margin-left: ;\"><?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"no\"?> <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" class=\"icon\" viewbox=\"0 0 1024 1024\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"32\" height=\"32\"><path d=\"M358.70592 758.7456c-33.01888-30.9504-54.48448-68.19072-64.29056-111.7952-11.46752-50.99264-3.54176-99.89632 18.03264-146.9696 17.74592-38.71744 42.84416-72.6208 69.29024-105.6384 28.12416-35.1104 57.45792-69.28384 82.5088-106.77248 15.18592-22.7264 29.34016-46.01984 39.91552-71.3216 0.4928-1.1776 1.05856-2.33216 1.68064-3.44704 1.70624-3.05152 4.27008-4.57856 7.83872-4.57472 3.72224 0.00384 6.03648 1.98784 7.38048 5.14048 24.1536 56.64384 61.8368 104.25728 100.50816 151.27936 27.07712 32.92416 54.592 65.536 76.032 102.6944 17.06496 29.57568 30.71488 60.416 36.49408 94.25536 10.65856 62.4064-3.3728 119.11936-41.35808 169.50016-37.87136 50.22848-89.12384 79.04768-151.0592 86.68288-69.376 8.55424-130.6048-11.64928-182.97344-59.0336m234.77248-308.38784c-4.71168-6.65984-10.2016-12.57728-16.7936-17.41824-27.78368-20.40832-58.83648-24.52736-91.15392-15.51872-30.048 8.37376-52.27264 26.62144-60.46464 58.32832-3.8144 14.76096 11.6224 29.66528 26.5024 26.29632 10.26304-2.32448 15.936-9.09952 19.61472-18.3296 5.1968-13.0496 14.19776-22.25408 27.95136-25.984 7.39456-2.00576 14.9824-1.72672 22.71232-1.472 20.41088 0.672 41.17248 19.92576 34.42432 48.6016-2.8928 12.2944-11.34976 20.73344-19.96032 29.07392-9.1776 8.8896-19.29088 16.81408-27.35744 26.84928-10.16704 12.65024-16.73984 26.74816-16.91904 43.2064-0.1408 13.03552 7.54816 21.3248 20.28928 22.65344 12.3136 1.28256 20.4096-4.6528 22.51136-18.00192 2.26432-14.37952 9.792-25.08672 20.4608-34.2912 8.55168-7.37664 16.9856-14.91968 25.09824-22.77376 29.64992-28.70272 34.8224-67.61216 13.08416-101.21984M546.4448 689.152c3.58912-15.9744-8.8192-34.05568-25.41568-37.0368-18.91072-3.39584-37.376 9.43616-39.45856 27.424-1.87008 16.13824 10.0352 32.6208 25.66784 35.53536 17.69728 3.29984 34.2528-7.27168 39.2064-25.92256z\" fill=\"#d81e06\"><\/path><\/svg> <\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>P: Czy pianka wp\u0142ywa na pomiar poziomu radaru na p\u0142ynach niskiego poziomu?<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-b7d9c19b wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-safe-svg-svg-icon safe-svg-cover\" style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<div class=\"safe-svg-inside safe-svg-inline\" style=\"width: 32px; height: 32px; background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--); color: var(--wp--preset--color--); padding-top: 0; padding-right: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; margin-top: 0; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0; margin-left: 0;\"><?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"no\"?> <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" class=\"icon\" viewbox=\"0 0 1024 1024\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"32\" height=\"32\"><path d=\"M501.0496 225.9008c1.9776-4.30848 3.3792-8.41984 5.65248-11.9744 3.82464-5.98656 11.03232-5.89184 13.73056 0.51968 27.92704 66.35136 74.78016 119.73888 119.27424 174.7456 25.23776 31.20128 49.71008 62.8992 68.15104 98.80448 17.57952 34.2272 28.4416 70.3424 29.28128 108.89088 0.8832 40.52608-9.22368 78.46144-30.06976 113.39008-32.99328 55.27936-80.94464 90.8096-143.59424 104.55296-76.60288 16.80256-145.1776-1.41696-203.41376-54.08384-39.3472-35.584-62.4128-80.41984-68.70272-133.44512-6.31808-53.26336 6.912-102.2336 32.6464-148.46336 21.2736-38.2208 48.8768-71.87584 76.31104-105.62432 32.3008-39.73248 64.4672-79.53536 89.2032-124.6592 3.9936-7.28576 7.57376-14.79808 11.53024-22.65344m-36.41216 378.90304c-15.41376-15.35232-30.78784-30.7456-46.26176-46.03648-6.16832-6.09536-10.1184-6.1056-16.38016-0.01024a1031.35872 1031.35872 0 0 0-22.57792 22.6496c-6.88768 7.13344-6.80448 9.34144 0.13696 16.43136 16.2624 16.6144 32.58112 33.17248 48.8448 49.78432 13.8752 14.17216 27.62752 28.46336 41.58464 42.55104 6.6816 6.7456 11.33696 6.4768 17.856-0.44032 1.16992-1.2416 2.26432-2.55232 3.38816-3.83616 40.47488-46.19008 80.93952-92.3904 121.43104-138.5664 12.512-14.26944 25.09056-28.48 37.664-42.69568 3.30496-3.7376 5.07136-7.7952 1.09696-11.89504-8.45696-8.72704-17.0624-17.3184-25.85088-25.71008-3.54688-3.38688-7.74016-3.2768-11.52256 0.06784-2.0736 1.83296-4.1024 3.73504-5.9776 5.7664-16.48256 17.85728-32.98944 35.69536-49.36704 53.64864-23.70688 25.98528-47.32544 52.0512-70.9568 78.1056-13.6 14.99648-9.64224 12.96512-23.10784 0.1856z\" fill=\"#21a529\"><\/path><\/svg> <\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>A:<\/strong> Tak. Pianka dodaje drug\u0105, rozproszon\u0105 warstw\u0119 odbijaj\u0105c\u0105 i \u0142agodzi sygna\u0142, zanim dotrze do prawdziwej powierzchni. On low- \u03b5<sub>r<\/sub> media, margines jest ju\u017c cienki, wi\u0119c radar przewodni - kt\u00f3rego echo nie zale\u017cy od p\u0142askiej powierzchni - jest zazwyczaj bezpieczniejszym wyborem.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-b7d9c19b wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-safe-svg-svg-icon safe-svg-cover\" style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<div class=\"safe-svg-inside safe-svg-inline\" style=\"width: 32px; height: 32px; background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--); color: var(--wp--preset--color--); padding-top: ; padding-right: ; padding-bottom: ; padding-left: ; margin-top: ; margin-right: ; margin-bottom: ; margin-left: ;\"><?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"no\"?> <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" class=\"icon\" viewbox=\"0 0 1024 1024\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"32\" height=\"32\"><path d=\"M358.70592 758.7456c-33.01888-30.9504-54.48448-68.19072-64.29056-111.7952-11.46752-50.99264-3.54176-99.89632 18.03264-146.9696 17.74592-38.71744 42.84416-72.6208 69.29024-105.6384 28.12416-35.1104 57.45792-69.28384 82.5088-106.77248 15.18592-22.7264 29.34016-46.01984 39.91552-71.3216 0.4928-1.1776 1.05856-2.33216 1.68064-3.44704 1.70624-3.05152 4.27008-4.57856 7.83872-4.57472 3.72224 0.00384 6.03648 1.98784 7.38048 5.14048 24.1536 56.64384 61.8368 104.25728 100.50816 151.27936 27.07712 32.92416 54.592 65.536 76.032 102.6944 17.06496 29.57568 30.71488 60.416 36.49408 94.25536 10.65856 62.4064-3.3728 119.11936-41.35808 169.50016-37.87136 50.22848-89.12384 79.04768-151.0592 86.68288-69.376 8.55424-130.6048-11.64928-182.97344-59.0336m234.77248-308.38784c-4.71168-6.65984-10.2016-12.57728-16.7936-17.41824-27.78368-20.40832-58.83648-24.52736-91.15392-15.51872-30.048 8.37376-52.27264 26.62144-60.46464 58.32832-3.8144 14.76096 11.6224 29.66528 26.5024 26.29632 10.26304-2.32448 15.936-9.09952 19.61472-18.3296 5.1968-13.0496 14.19776-22.25408 27.95136-25.984 7.39456-2.00576 14.9824-1.72672 22.71232-1.472 20.41088 0.672 41.17248 19.92576 34.42432 48.6016-2.8928 12.2944-11.34976 20.73344-19.96032 29.07392-9.1776 8.8896-19.29088 16.81408-27.35744 26.84928-10.16704 12.65024-16.73984 26.74816-16.91904 43.2064-0.1408 13.03552 7.54816 21.3248 20.28928 22.65344 12.3136 1.28256 20.4096-4.6528 22.51136-18.00192 2.26432-14.37952 9.792-25.08672 20.4608-34.2912 8.55168-7.37664 16.9856-14.91968 25.09824-22.77376 29.64992-28.70272 34.8224-67.61216 13.08416-101.21984M546.4448 689.152c3.58912-15.9744-8.8192-34.05568-25.41568-37.0368-18.91072-3.39584-37.376 9.43616-39.45856 27.424-1.87008 16.13824 10.0352 32.6208 25.66784 35.53536 17.69728 3.29984 34.2528-7.27168 39.2064-25.92256z\" fill=\"#d81e06\"><\/path><\/svg> <\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>P: Jaka jest sta\u0142a dielektryczna wody?<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-b7d9c19b wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-safe-svg-svg-icon safe-svg-cover\" style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<div class=\"safe-svg-inside safe-svg-inline\" style=\"width: 32px; height: 32px; background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--); color: var(--wp--preset--color--); padding-top: 0; padding-right: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-left: 0; margin-top: 0; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0; margin-left: 0;\"><?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"no\"?> <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" class=\"icon\" viewbox=\"0 0 1024 1024\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"32\" height=\"32\"><path d=\"M501.0496 225.9008c1.9776-4.30848 3.3792-8.41984 5.65248-11.9744 3.82464-5.98656 11.03232-5.89184 13.73056 0.51968 27.92704 66.35136 74.78016 119.73888 119.27424 174.7456 25.23776 31.20128 49.71008 62.8992 68.15104 98.80448 17.57952 34.2272 28.4416 70.3424 29.28128 108.89088 0.8832 40.52608-9.22368 78.46144-30.06976 113.39008-32.99328 55.27936-80.94464 90.8096-143.59424 104.55296-76.60288 16.80256-145.1776-1.41696-203.41376-54.08384-39.3472-35.584-62.4128-80.41984-68.70272-133.44512-6.31808-53.26336 6.912-102.2336 32.6464-148.46336 21.2736-38.2208 48.8768-71.87584 76.31104-105.62432 32.3008-39.73248 64.4672-79.53536 89.2032-124.6592 3.9936-7.28576 7.57376-14.79808 11.53024-22.65344m-36.41216 378.90304c-15.41376-15.35232-30.78784-30.7456-46.26176-46.03648-6.16832-6.09536-10.1184-6.1056-16.38016-0.01024a1031.35872 1031.35872 0 0 0-22.57792 22.6496c-6.88768 7.13344-6.80448 9.34144 0.13696 16.43136 16.2624 16.6144 32.58112 33.17248 48.8448 49.78432 13.8752 14.17216 27.62752 28.46336 41.58464 42.55104 6.6816 6.7456 11.33696 6.4768 17.856-0.44032 1.16992-1.2416 2.26432-2.55232 3.38816-3.83616 40.47488-46.19008 80.93952-92.3904 121.43104-138.5664 12.512-14.26944 25.09056-28.48 37.664-42.69568 3.30496-3.7376 5.07136-7.7952 1.09696-11.89504-8.45696-8.72704-17.0624-17.3184-25.85088-25.71008-3.54688-3.38688-7.74016-3.2768-11.52256 0.06784-2.0736 1.83296-4.1024 3.73504-5.9776 5.7664-16.48256 17.85728-32.98944 35.69536-49.36704 53.64864-23.70688 25.98528-47.32544 52.0512-70.9568 78.1056-13.6 14.99648-9.64224 12.96512-23.10784 0.1856z\" fill=\"#21a529\"><\/path><\/svg> <\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>A:<\/strong> Woda ma wysok\u0105 wzgl\u0119dn\u0105 tolerancyjno\u015b\u0107 oko\u0142o 80 w temperaturze pokojowej, co daje bardzo silne echo radarowe i sprawia, \u017ce jest to najprostsze wsp\u00f3lne medium do pomiaru.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Bibliografia<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Vega, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vega.com\/en\/products\/product-catalog\/level\/radar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pomiar poziomu radaru<\/a><\/em> - notatki technologiczne na radarze niekontaktowym i przewodnim.<\/li>\n<li>Endress + Hauser, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.endress.com\/en\/Field-instruments-overview\/Level-measurement\/Radar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pomiar poziomu radaru<\/a><\/em> - sta\u0142e wymagania dielektryczne i pomiar interfejsu.<\/li>\n<li>Emerson, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.emerson.com\/en-us\/automation\/measurement-instrumentation\/level\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Oprzyrz\u0105dowanie do pomiaru poziomu<\/a><\/em> - wskaz\u00f3wki dotycz\u0105ce stosowania.<\/li>\n<li>Podr\u0119cznik CRC w dziedzinie chemii i fizyki - \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142o wzgl\u0119dnych warto\u015bci permitacyjnych przedstawionych powy\u017cej.<\/li>\n<li>Kacise, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/pl\/product\/kld804-radar-level-sensor\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Czujnik poziomu radaru KLD804 80 GHz<\/a><\/em> arkusz danych.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The dielectric constant (relative permittivity, \u03b5r) of the medium determines how much of the radar signal is reflected to the antenna. Media with \u03b5r > 3.6 reflect strongly and are easy targets; low-\u03b5r hydrocarbons (typically 1.4\u20134.0) reflect only a small fraction of the signal and require guided-wave radar or high-frequency (80\u00a0GHz) non-contact radar for reliable [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":17192,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[319],"tags":[238],"class_list":["post-14228","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-radar-level-meter","tag-radar"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14228","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14228"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14228\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/17192"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14228"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14228"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kcsensor.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14228"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}